The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes


games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers


expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)


natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages


neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains


robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli


Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.


In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and handle objects clumsily.


Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must speak slowly and distinctly.


In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations.


Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.

There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.

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Music

Why is organised crime such a focus of the global fight against music piracy?

The IFPI states that an appreciation and common understanding of organised crime will enhance cooperation between the music industry, governments and law enforcement. In turn this will promote the effective use of limited resources against organised crime groups which, if unchecked, have the potential to undermine state and commercial institutions.
In South Africa the reality of organised crime was brought home recently (August 2005) when it was established that the man believed to have co-ordinated the London bombs of July 7th (which left 56 people dead) was found to have made his living selling CDs and DVDs at fleamarkets around Johannesburg. This is believed to be just the tip of an iceberg which links the profits made by music pirates to funding terrorist groups and activities and as such has seen the fight against music intensified.

Across the globe, the links between organised crime, music piracy and terrorism were documented in the IFPI publication, Music Piracy: Serious, Violent and Organised Crime (Fourth Edition). It paints a worrying picture of a world where international crime gangs flourish in the free movement of goods, services and people that are essential to legitimate commerce.

What this means is that the fight against music piracy in South Africa is no longer confined to the music industry, protecting the rights of music producers, songwriters and performers, but is an issue that every citizen in the country must be involved in.

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Smart Phones

Faster HSPA smartphones, modems coming soon...

Smartphones and modems are about to get faster mobile broadband connections 14.4M bps (bits per second) and 42M bps, repectively using HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access).

In the shadow of the 4G battle between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMax, a growing number of operators have or are about to roll roll out HSPA+ networks. There were 58 live HSPA+ networks in operation at the beginning of August, with a further 43 local operators having made commitments to migrate to the technology soon, according to market research company Wireless Intelligence, the independent research arm of industry organization GSM Association.

Modems that can take advantage of HSPA+ speeds have been around since the beginning of last year, and now smartphones that can do the same are getting closer to launch.

On Wednesday, T-Mobile put out a teaser site to promote the upcoming Android-based G2 smartphone, which will be the first smartphone designed to run on its new HSPA+ network, according to the operator. T-Mobile didn't announce when the phone will start shipping, but it will share more information in the coming weeks, it said.

Another Android-based smartphone with a mobile broadband connection that should leave existing phones in the dust is Huawei's U8800. The phone was first announced at Mobile World in February, and is scheduled to become commercially available during the third quarter, Huawei said at the time.
The T-Mobile G2 and the Huawei U8800 will have a theoretical download peak bandwidth of 14.4M bps, compared to current smartphones, which offer download speeds at up to either 7.2M bps or in some cases 10.2M bps.

Faster data speeds can help improve the overall user experience for smartphone owners, but only if it is backed up by a robust network and applications that are easy to use, according to Pete Cunningham, senior analyst at Canalys.

To what extent users will be able to take advantage of the higher speeds also depend on the applications they use. For example, the increasing popularity of streaming video to smartphones will help drive the need for higher download speeds, according to Will Croft, analyst for Wireless Intelligence.
HSPA+ will modems will still be faster, as they already offer theoretical speeds at up to 21M bps, and will increase the lead as the first 42M bps arrive later this year.

When the first modems will arrive remains to be seen. In January, Peder Ramel, CEO at 3 Scandinavia, said he expected modems to arrive between September and November. On Thursday, Ramel said he is expecting the first modems to arrive in the fourth quarter.

The modem makers are keeping mum on launch details. In February, Australian operator Telstra announced that Sierra Wireless would deliver the modems for its 42M bps network later in 2010. Sierra has no more information to share at this time about the availability of the modem, a spokeswoman said via e-mail on Thursday.

To get from 21M bps to 42M bps, modem and mobile network vendors are implementing a technology called dual carrier, which allowsallows networks to send and receive wireless data using two channels simultaneously.